MLPA Effects.bib

@article{Russ2003,
  title = {Spillover from marine reserves: the case of {{Naso}} vlamingii at {{Apo Island}}, the {{Philippines}}},
  volume = {264},
  shorttitle = {Spillover from marine reserves},
  timestamp = {2014-02-25T18:56:50Z},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {{Russ}, G. R and {Alcala}, A. C and {Maypa}, A. P},
  year = {2003},
  pages = {15--20}
}

@article{McClanahan2008,
  title = {Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery},
  timestamp = {2010-04-20T05:05:49Z},
  author = {{McClanahan}, T. R. and {Mangi}, S.},
  year = {2008},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/danovando/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/788wox8h.default-1393438973128/zotero/storage/8KBPTQGS/1051-0761(2000)010[1792SOEFFA]2.0.html:}
}

@article{Goni2010,
  title = {Net contribution of spillover from a marine reserve to fishery catches},
  volume = {400},
  timestamp = {2010-04-20T18:09:04Z},
  journal = {Mar Ecol Prog Ser},
  author = {{Go\ensuremath{\backslash} ni}, R. and {Hilborn}, R. and {D\ensuremath{\backslash}'{\i}az}, D. and {Mallol}, S. and {Adlerstein}, S.},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {233--243}
}

@article{Rassweiler2014,
  title = {Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning},
  volume = {281},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2252},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning (MSP), whereby areas of the ocean are zoned for different uses, has great potential to reduce or eliminate conflicts between competing management goals, but only if strategically applied. The recent literature overwhelmingly agrees that including stakeholders in these planning processes is critical to success; but, given the countless alternative ways even simple spatial regulations can be configured, how likely is it that a stakeholder-driven process will generate plans that deliver on the promise of MSP? Here, we use a spatially explicit, dynamic bioeconomic model to show that stakeholder-generated plans are doomed to fail in the absence of strong scientific guidance. While strategically placed spatial regulations can improve outcomes remarkably, the vast majority of possible plans fail to achieve this potential. Surprisingly, existing scientific rules of thumb do little to improve outcomes. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which models are used to identify efficient plans, which are then modified by stakeholders. Even if stakeholders alter these initial proposals considerably, results hugely outperform plans guided by scientific rules of thumb. Our results underscore the importance of spatially explicit dynamic models for the management of marine resources and illustrate how such models can be harmoniously integrated into a stakeholder-driven MSP process.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-06-06T00:35:37Z},
  number = {1781},
  urldate = {2014-06-06},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {{Rassweiler}, Andrew and {Costello}, Christopher and {Hilborn}, Ray and {Siegel}, David A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {bioeconomics,ecological modelling,marine-protected areas,Marine spatial planning,reserve design},
  pages = {20132252},
  file = {Rassweiler et al. - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatia.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Rassweiler et al. - 2014 - Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatia.pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {24573841}
}

@article{Halpern2003,
  title = {The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter?},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  shorttitle = {{{THE IMPACT OF MARINE RESERVES}}},
  doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {Marine reserves are quickly gaining popularity as a management option for marine conservation, fisheries, and other human uses of the oceans. Despite the popularity of marine reserves as a management tool, few reserves appear to have been created or designed with an understanding of how reserves affect biological factors or how reserves can be designed to meet biological goals more effectively (e.g., attaining sustainable fish populations). This shortcoming occurs in part because the many studies that have examined the impacts of reserves on marine organisms remain isolated examples or anecdotes; the results of these many studies have not yet been synthesized. Here, I review the empirical work and discuss the theoretical literature to assess the impacts of marine reserves on several biological measures (density, biomass, size of organisms, and diversity), paying particular attention to the role reserve size has in determining those impacts. The results of 89 separate studies show that, on average, with the exception of invertebrate biomass and size, values for all four biological measures are significantly higher inside reserves compared to outside (or after reserve establishment vs. before) when evaluated for both the overall communities and by each functional group within these communities (carnivorous fishes, herbivorous fishes, planktivorous fishes/invertebrate eaters, and invertebrates). Surprisingly, results also show that the relative impacts of reserves, such as the proportional differences in density or biomass, are independent of reserve size, suggesting that the effects of marine reserves increase directly rather than proportionally with the size of a reserve. However, equal relative differences in biological measures between small and large reserves nearly always translate into greater absolute differences for larger reserves, and so larger reserves may be necessary to meet the goals set for marine reserves. The quality of the data in the reviewed studies varied greatly. To improve data quality in the future, whenever possible, studies should take measurements before and after the creation of a reserve, replicate sampling, and include a suite of representative species. Despite the variable quality of the data, the results from this review suggest that nearly any marine habitat can benefit from the implementation of a reserve. Success of a marine reserve, however, will always be judged against the expectations for that reserve, and so we must keep in mind the goals of a reserve in its design, management, and evaluation.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09T20:26:47Z},
  number = {sp1},
  urldate = {2014-04-07},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {{Halpern}, Benjamin S.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Marine reserves,reserve design,reserve effect,reserve size,trophic cascades},
  pages = {117--137},
  file = {Halpern - 2003 - THE IMPACT OF MARINE RESERVES DO RESERVES WORK AN.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Halpern - 2003 - THE IMPACT OF MARINE RESERVES DO RESERVES WORK AN.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Lester2009,
  title = {Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis},
  volume = {384},
  shorttitle = {Biological effects within no-take marine reserves},
  timestamp = {2012-01-09T21:08:51Z},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {{Lester}, S.E. and {Halpern}, B.S. and {Grorud-Colvert}, K. and {Lubchenco}, J. and {Ruttenberg}, B.I. and {Gaines}, S.D. and {Airam{\'e}}, S. and {Warner}, R.R.},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {33--46}
}

@article{Kay2012,
  title = {Effects of marine reserves on {{California}} spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders},
  volume = {451},
  doi = {10.3354/meps09592},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT: Studies of marine reserves often describe mean differences in organism size or abundance inside versus outside reserves, but recent work indicates that these differences are influenced by habitat and proximity of sites to reserve borders. In this study, we measured mean effects of reserves and the influence of distance from reserve borders on the number and size of legal (\ensuremath{\geq}82.5 mm carapace length {[}CL]) California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus trapped at sites across a reserve network at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California, USA. Additionally, we controlled for habitat variability across sites (1) by measuring relative abundance of sublegal adult lobsters (i.e. those not removed through fishing) and (2) through visual SCUBA surveys on which we quantified fine-scale habitat features. Traps placed in reserves yielded more (4.81 trap-1) and larger (7.03 mm CL) legal-sized lobsters than traps placed outside. Multiple linear regression revealed that 2.43 more legal lobsters per trap were captured for every 1 km moved from borders towards reserve centers. Additionally, lobsters tagged and released immediately inside reserve borders were recaptured in areas open to fishing at a higher rate than lobsters tagged and released farther inside reserves. These results suggest that abundance gradients inside reserve borders were caused by net emigration of lobsters (spillover). Sublegal lobsters were more abundant inside reserves and nearer to reserve centers, but these increases were much smaller in magnitude than for legal-sized lobsters. Our results indicate that the differences we observed for legal-sized lobsters were driven primarily by reserve effects but were partially influenced by habitat heterogeneity.},
  timestamp = {2014-02-25T18:58:43Z},
  urldate = {2013-08-12},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  author = {{Kay}, Matthew C. and {Lenihan}, Hunter S. and {Kotchen}, Matthew J. and {Miller}, Christopher J.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {137--150},
  file = {Kay et al2.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Kay et al2.pdf:application/pdf;Marine Ecology Progress Series Snapshot:/Users/danovando/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/788wox8h.default-1393438973128/zotero/storage/AI65T65P/p137-150.html:}
}

@article{Caselle2015,
  title = {Recovery trajectories of kelp forest animals are rapid yet spatially variable across a network of temperate marine protected areas.},
  volume = {5},
  timestamp = {2015-10-29T21:37:56Z},
  urldate = {2015-10-29},
  journal = {Scientific reports},
  author = {{Caselle}, Jennifer E. and {Rassweiler}, Andrew and {Hamilton}, Scott L. and {Warner}, Robert R.},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {14102},
  file = {Caselle et al. - 2015 - Recovery trajectories of kelp forest animals are r.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Caselle et al. - 2015 - Recovery trajectories of kelp forest animals are r.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Halpern2003a,
  title = {Review {{Paper}}. {{Matching}} marine reserve design to reserve objectives},
  volume = {270},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2405},
  abstract = {Recent interest in using marine reserves for marine resource management and conservation has largely been driven by the hope that reserves might counteract declines in fish populations and protect the biodiversity of the seas. However, the creation of reserves has led to dissension from some interested groups, such as fishermen, who fear that reserves will do more harm than good. These perceived differences in the effect of marine reserves on various stakeholder interests has led to a contentious debate over their merit. We argue here that recent findings in marine ecology suggest that this debate is largely unnecessary, and that a single general design of a network of reserves of moderate size and variable spacing can meet the needs and goals of most stakeholders interested in marine resources.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-01-31T23:31:24Z},
  number = {1527},
  urldate = {2014-01-31},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
  author = {{Halpern}, Benjamin S. and {Warner}, Robert R.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {biodiversity conservation,Fisheries,marine protected,marine reserve design,Resource management},
  pages = {1871--1878},
  file = {Halpern and Warner - 2003 - Review Paper. Matching marine reserve design to re.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Halpern and Warner - 2003 - Review Paper. Matching marine reserve design to re.pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {14561299}
}

@article{Sugihara2012,
  title = {Detecting {{Causality}} in {{Complex Ecosystems}}},
  volume = {338},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1227079},
  abstract = {Identifying causal networks is important for effective policy and management recommendations on climate, epidemiology, financial regulation, and much else. We introduce a method, based on nonlinear state space reconstruction, that can distinguish causality from correlation. It extends to nonseparable weakly connected dynamic systems (cases not covered by the current Granger causality paradigm). The approach is illustrated both by simple models (where, in contrast to the real world, we know the underlying equations/relations and so can check the validity of our method) and by application to real ecological systems, including the controversial sardine-anchovy-temperature problem.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-03-04T02:16:42Z},
  number = {6106},
  urldate = {2014-03-04},
  journal = Science,
  author = {{Sugihara}, George and {May}, Robert and {Ye}, Hao and {Hsieh}, Chih-hao and {Deyle}, Ethan and {Fogarty}, Michael and {Munch}, Stephan},
  month = oct,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {496--500},
  file = {Sugihara et al2.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Sugihara et al2.pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {22997134}
}

@article{McClanahan2000,
  title = {Spillover {{Of Exploitable Fishes From A Marine Park And Its Effect On The Adjacent Fishery}}},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1792:SOEFFA]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {The role of a marine protected area in enhancing local fisheries, through the emigration or spillover of exploitable fishes, was studied in a coral reef park (Mombasa Marine Park, Kenya) and fishery over a seven-year period during a time when the park's border changed and pull seines were eliminated. We measured catches before and after the park's establishment and during the management changes and compared these catches with the unmanaged side of the park. Additionally, we placed baited traps on both sides of the park over a full tidal cycle which allowed us to measure the spillover from the park compared to the deeper, rougher, and less fished reef edge. The total wet mass of catches per trap, the mean size of the trapped fish, and the number of fish species caught per trap declined as a function of the distance away from the park edge on both the southern and northern sides. However, this relationship was truncated on the unmanaged side which also had smaller catches, smaller fish, and fewer species than the managed side. Trap fishers on the managed side adapted to the spillover by increasing the traps per fisher, which had the effect of reducing the catch per trap. Tides and reef morphology also appeared to interact and influenced catches, but we found no relationships between catches and benthic substratum cover, which was usually dominated by seagrass and sand. Spillover from the deeper reef edge was evident for the managed but not the unmanaged side of the park, but may be due to differences in reef morphology interacting with tidal patterns rather than management. On the managed side, the park significantly increased the catch per fisher and catch per area by \ensuremath{>}50\%, but even after the park's size was reduced, the total catch was reduced by \ensuremath{\sim}30\%. The reduced park was still \ensuremath{\sim}50\% of the total area. Consequently, the catch per area increase was insufficient to compensate for the lost area over this early period of the park's establishment. Spillover was greatest for the dominant fisheries species. These were moderately vagile species in the rabbitfish (Siganidae; herbivores), emperors (Lethrinidae; carnivores), and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae; herbivores) families, which had instantaneous emigration rates from the park to the reserve fishing ground of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5. Our field survey, combined with previous modeling studies, based on adult emigration rates from marine reserves, suggests that tropical fisheries dominated by rabbitfish, emperors, and surgeonfish should be enhanced by closed areas of \ensuremath{\sim}10{\textendash}15\% of the total area. The optimal protected area may increase if larval export is important, but the predicted response should not be measurable for \ensuremath{>}10 years, beyond the length of our study, as breeding stock develop inside protected areas.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13T23:20:37Z},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {{McClanahan}, T. R. and {Mangi}, S.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2000},
  keywords = {Acanthuridae,Adaptive management,Coral reefs,dispersal,emigration rates,integrated coastal area management,Lethrinidae,marine fisheries reserves,Marine protected areas,Siganidae,tropical fisheries},
  pages = {1792--1805},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/danovando/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/788wox8h.default-1393438973128/zotero/storage/W5PNJFXF/McClanahan and Mangi - 2000 - SPILLOVER OF EXPLOITABLE FISHES FROM A MARINE PARK.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Cudney-Bueno2009,
  title = {Rapid {{Effects}} of {{Marine Reserves}} via {{Larval Dispersal}}},
  volume = {4},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0004140},
  abstract = {Marine reserves have been advocated worldwide as conservation and fishery management tools. It is argued that they can protect ecosystems and also benefit fisheries via density-dependent spillover of adults and enhanced larval dispersal into fishing areas. However, while evidence has shown that marine reserves can meet conservation targets, their effects on fisheries are less understood. In particular, the basic question of if and over what temporal and spatial scales reserves can benefit fished populations via larval dispersal remains unanswered. We tested predictions of a larval transport model for a marine reserve network in the Gulf of California, Mexico, via field oceanography and repeated density counts of recently settled juvenile commercial mollusks before and after reserve establishment. We show that local retention of larvae within a reserve network can take place with enhanced, but spatially-explicit, recruitment to local fisheries. Enhancement occurred rapidly (2 yrs), with up to a three-fold increase in density of juveniles found in fished areas at the downstream edge of the reserve network, but other fishing areas within the network were unaffected. These findings were consistent with our model predictions. Our findings underscore the potential benefits of protecting larval sources and show that enhancement in recruitment can be manifested rapidly. However, benefits can be markedly variable within a local seascape. Hence, effects of marine reserve networks, positive or negative, may be overlooked when only focusing on overall responses and not considering finer spatially-explicit responses within a reserve network and its adjacent fishing grounds. Our results therefore call for future research on marine reserves that addresses this variability in order to help frame appropriate scenarios for the spatial management scales of interest.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13T23:22:11Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  author = {{Cudney-Bueno}, Richard and {Lav{\'\i}n}, Miguel F. and {Marinone}, Silvio G. and {Raimondi}, Peter T. and {Shaw}, William W.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {e4140}
}

@article{Pelc2010,
  title = {Detecting larval export from marine reserves},
  volume = {107},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0907368107},
  abstract = {Marine reserve theory suggests that where large, productive populations are protected within no-take marine reserves, fished areas outside reserves will benefit through the spillover of larvae produced in the reserves. However, empirical evidence for larval export has been sparse. Here we use a simple idealized coastline model to estimate the expected magnitude and spatial scale of larval export from no-take marine reserves across a range of reserve sizes and larval dispersal scales. Results suggest that, given the magnitude of increased production typically found in marine reserves, benefits from larval export are nearly always large enough to offset increased mortality outside marine reserves due to displaced fishing effort. However, the proportional increase in recruitment at sites outside reserves is typically small, particularly for species with long-distance (on the order of hundreds of kilometers) larval dispersal distances, making it very difficult to detect in field studies. Enhanced recruitment due to export may be detected by sampling several sites at an appropriate range of distances from reserves or at sites downcurrent of reserves in systems with directional dispersal. A review of existing empirical evidence confirms the model's suggestion that detecting export may be difficult without an exceptionally large differential in production, short-distance larval dispersal relative to reserve size, directional dispersal, or a sampling scheme that encompasses a broad range of distances from the reserves.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13T23:22:32Z},
  number = {43},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {{Pelc}, R. A. and {Warner}, R. R. and {Gaines}, S. D. and {Paris}, C. B.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {dispersal,Fisheries,Marine protected areas,recruitment,spillover},
  pages = {18266--18271},
  file = {Pelc et al. - 2010 - Detecting larval export from marine reserves.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Pelc et al. - 2010 - Detecting larval export from marine reserves.pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {20181570}
}

@article{Rassweiler2012,
  title = {Marine protected areas and the value of spatially optimized fishery management},
  volume = {109},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1116193109},
  abstract = {There is a growing focus around the world on marine spatial planning, including spatial fisheries management. Some spatial management approaches are quite blunt, as when marine protected areas (MPAs) are established to restrict fishing in specific locations. Other management tools, such as zoning or spatial user rights, will affect the distribution of fishing effort in a more nuanced manner. Considerable research has focused on the ability of MPAs to increase fishery returns, but the potential for the broader class of spatial management approaches to outperform MPAs has received far less attention. We use bioeconomic models of seven nearshore fisheries in Southern California to explore the value of optimized spatial management in which the distribution of fishing is chosen to maximize profits. We show that fully optimized spatial management can substantially increase fishery profits relative to optimal nonspatial management but that the magnitude of this increase depends on characteristics of the fishing fleet and target species. Strategically placed MPAs can also increase profits substantially compared with nonspatial management, particularly if fishing costs are low, although profit increases available through optimal MPA-based management are roughly half those from fully optimized spatial management. However, if the same total area is protected by randomly placing MPAs, starkly contrasting results emerge: most random MPA designs reduce expected profits. The high value of spatial management estimated here supports continued interest in spatially explicit fisheries regulations but emphasizes that predicted increases in profits can only be achieved if the fishery is well understood and the regulations are strategically designed.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-25T19:19:23Z},
  number = {29},
  urldate = {2014-08-25},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {{Rassweiler}, Andrew and {Costello}, Christopher and {Siegel}, David A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {ecological modeling,reserve network design,spatial ecology},
  pages = {11884--11889},
  file = {Rassweiler et al. - 2012 - Marine protected areas and the value of spatially .pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Rassweiler et al. - 2012 - Marine protected areas and the value of spatially .pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {22753469}
}

@article{Starr2015,
  title = {Variation in {{Responses}} of {{Fishes}} across {{Multiple Reserves}} within a {{Network}} of {{Marine Protected Areas}} in {{Temperate Waters}}},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118502},
  abstract = {Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic regime, and time since the reserve was implemented. We conducted collaborative, fishery-independent surveys of fishes for seven years in and near newly created marine protected areas (MPAs) in central California, USA. Results showed that initially most MPAs contained more and larger fishes than associated reference sites, likely due to differences in habitat quality. The differences between MPAs and reference sites did not greatly change over the seven years of our study, indicating that reserve benefits will be slow to accumulate in California's temperate eastern boundary current. Fishes in an older reserve that has been closed to fishing since 1973, however, were significantly more abundant and larger than those in associated reference sites. This indicates that reserve benefits are likely to accrue in the California Current ecosystem, but that 20 years or more may be needed to detect significant changes in response variables that are due to MPA implementation. Because of the high spatial and temporal variability of fish recruitment patterns, long-term monitoring is needed to identify positive responses of fishes to protection in the diverse set of habitats in a dynamic eastern boundary current. Qualitative estimates of response variables, such as would be obtained from an expert opinion process, are unlikely to provide an accurate description of MPA performance. Similarly, using one species or one MPA as an indicator is unlikely to provide sufficient resolution to accurately describe the performance of multiple MPAs.},
  timestamp = {2015-04-17T20:43:28Z},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-04-17},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  author = {{Starr}, Richard M. and {Wendt}, Dean E. and {Barnes}, Cheryl L. and {Marks}, Corina I. and {Malone}, Dan and {Waltz}, Grant and {Schmidt}, Katherine T. and {Chiu}, Jennifer and {Launer}, Andrea L. and {Hall}, Nathan C. and {Yochum}, No{\"e}lle},
  month = mar,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {e0118502},
  file = {Starr et al. - 2015 - Variation in Responses of Fishes across Multiple R.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Starr et al. - 2015 - Variation in Responses of Fishes across Multiple R.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Fletcher2014,
  title = {Large-scale expansion of no-take closures within the {{Great Barrier Reef}} has not enhanced fishery production.},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  doi = {10.1890/14-1427.1},
  abstract = {A rare opportunity to test hypotheses about potential fishery benefits of large-scale closures was initiated in July 2004 when an additional 28.4\% of the 348,000 km2 Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region of Queensland, Australia was closed to all fishing.  Advice to the Australian and Queensland governments that supported this initiative predicted these additional closures would generate minimal (10\%) initial reductions in both catch and landed value within the GBR area with recovery of catches becoming apparent after three years.  To test these predictions, commercial fisheries data from the GBR area and from the two adjacent (non-GBR) areas of Queensland were compared for the periods immediately prior to, and after the closures were implemented. The observed means for total annual catch and value within the GBR declined from pre-closure (2000-2003) levels of 12,780t and {\textdollar}160 million, to initial post-closure (2005-2008) levels of 8,143t and {\textdollar}102 million; decreases of 35\% and 36\% respectively.  Because the reference areas in the non-GBR had minimal changes in catch and value, the beyond-BACI analyses estimated initial net-reductions within the GBR of 35\% for both total catch and value.  There was no evidence of recovery in total catch levels or any comparative improvement in catch-rates within the GBR nine years after implementation.  These results are not consistent with the advice to governments that the closures would have minimal initial impacts and rapidly generate benefits to fisheries in the GBR through increased juvenile recruitment and adult 'spillovers'.  Instead, the absence of evidence of recovery in catches or catch-rates to date currently support an alternative hypothesis that where there is already effective fisheries management, the closing of areas to all fishing will generate reductions in overall catches similar to the percentage of the fished area that is closed.},
  timestamp = {2015-04-02T20:44:33Z},
  urldate = {2015-04-02},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {{Fletcher}, Warrick Jeffrey and {Kearney}, Robert E. and {Wise}, Brent S. and {Nash}, Warwick J.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  file = {Fletcher et al. - 2014 - Large-scale expansion of no-take closures within t.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Fletcher et al. - 2014 - Large-scale expansion of no-take closures within t.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Halpern2004,
  title = {Confounding effects of the export of production and the displacement of fishing effort from marine reserves},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  doi = {10.1890/03-5136},
  abstract = {Marine reserves affect areas outside reserve boundaries via the displacement of fishing effort and the export of production. Here we focus on how these key factors interact to influence the results seen once reserves are created. For a settlement-limited fishery, export of increased production from within reserves can offset the effects of displaced fishing effort. We develop simple mathematical models that indicate net fisheries benefits can accrue at closures up to and perhaps beyond 50\% of total stock area through the export of production, given documented average increases in biomass within reserves. However, reserve monitoring programs face problems identifying independent control sites because the spatial extent of export is unknown. Efforts to monitor reserve impacts on recruitment are further complicated by the fact that large reserve closures are likely necessary before significant changes in recruitment can be detected above normal interannual fluctuations. Resolving these limitations requires comprehensive monitoring data before reserves are implemented. Fortunately, studies of reserves that used Before{\textendash}After, Control{\textendash} Impact (BACI) experimental designs show that control and reserve sites were equivalent prior to protection, and that control sites improved after reserves were in place. Consequently, any bias in our current perception of reserve impacts likely underestimates their effect.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09T20:28:42Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-07-09},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {{Halpern}, Benjamin S. and {Gaines}, Steven D. and {Warner}, Robert R.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {1248--1256},
  file = {Halpern et al. - 2004 - Confounding effects of the export of production an.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Halpern et al. - 2004 - Confounding effects of the export of production an.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Hamilton2010a,
  title = {Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the {{Channel Islands}} marine reserve network},
  volume = {107},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0908091107},
  abstract = {Networks of marine reserves are increasingly a major component of many ecosystem-based management plans designed to conserve biodiversity, protect the structure and function of ecosystems, and rebuild and sustain fisheries. There is a growing need for scientific guidance in the design of network-wide monitoring programs to evaluate the efficacy of reserves at meeting their conservation and management goals. Here, we present an evaluation of the Channel Islands reserve network, which was established in 2003 off the coast of southern California. This reserve network spans a major environmental and biogeographic gradient, making it a challenge to assess network-wide responses of many species. Using fish community structure data from a long-term, large-scale monitoring program, we first identified persistent geographic patterns of community structure and the scale at which sites should be grouped for analysis. Fish communities differed most among islands with densities of individual species varying from 3- to 250-fold. Habitat structure differed among islands but not based on reserve status. Across the network, we found that, after 5 years, species targeted by fishing had higher densities (1.5{\texttimes}) and biomass (1.8{\texttimes}) inside reserves, whereas nontargeted species showed no significant differences. Examining trophic groups, piscivore and carnivore biomass was significantly greater inside reserves (1.8{\texttimes} and 1.3{\texttimes} more, respectively), whereas the biomass of planktivores and herbivores was similar inside and out. A framework for incorporating biogeographic variation into reserve network assessments is critical as we move from the evaluation of single reserves to networks of reserves.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-10-29T22:14:57Z},
  number = {43},
  urldate = {2015-10-29},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  author = {{Hamilton}, Scott L. and {Caselle}, Jennifer E. and {Malone}, Dan P. and {Carr}, Mark H.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Ecosystem-based management,kelp forest ecosystem,Marine protected areas,Monitoring,response ratios},
  pages = {18272--18277},
  file = {Hamilton et al. - 2010 - Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Hamilton et al. - 2010 - Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the.pdf:application/pdf},
  pmid = {20176956}
}

@article{Punt2015,
  title = {Strategic management decision-making in a complex world: quantifying, understanding, and using trade-offs},
  issn = {1054-3139, 1095-9289},
  shorttitle = {Strategic management decision-making in a complex world},
  doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsv193},
  abstract = {The use of management strategy evaluation (MSE) techniques to inform strategic decision-making is now standard in fisheries management. The technical aspects of MSE, including how to design operating models that represent the managed system and how to simulate future use of management strategies, are well understood and can be readily applied, especially for single-species fisheries. However, MSE evaluations seldom identify strategies that will satisfy all the objectives of decision-makers simultaneously, i.e. each strategy will achieve a different trade-off among the objectives. This study illustrates the basis for identifying management objectives and representing them mathematically using performance measures, as well as how trade-offs among management objectives have been displayed to various audiences who provide input into decision-making. Approaches and experiences are illustrated using case studies. Examples highlight the wide variety of objectives that can be considered using MSE, but that traditional single-species considerations continue to dominate the information provided to decision-makers. The desirability and consequences of having minimum acceptable standards of performance for management strategies, as well as difficulties assigning plausibility ranks to alternative states of nature, are found to be among the major challenges to effective provision of strategic advice on trade-offs among management strategies.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-11-17T19:02:42Z},
  urldate = {2015-11-17},
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil},
  author = {{Punt}, Andr{\'e} E.},
  month = nov,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {decision table,Management strategy evaluation,Trade-offs},
  pages = {fsv193},
  file = {Punt - 2015 - Strategic management decision-making in a complex .pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Punt - 2015 - Strategic management decision-making in a complex .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Wilson2007,
  title = {Priorities in statistics, the sensitive feet of elephants, and don't transform data},
  volume = {42},
  issn = {1211-9520, 1874-9348},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02893882},
  abstract = {In spite of the widespread use of statistics in plant ecology, some misunderstandings are widespread. L{\'a}jer's warning against non-random sampling in the field is well taken, but non-randomization is probably more common than we realize in experimental work too, and a frequent cause of inexplicable {\textquotedblleft}significant{\textquotedblright} results. However, in the placement of quadrats/samples, restricted randomization is always preferable to plain random. The main purpose of randomization, as R.A. Fisher made clear, is to obtain a valid estimate of the error. Random placement does not, as Fisher realized, ensure independence of samples because of spatial autocorrelation, which is present in all ecological work. If we forget this, we can end up concluding that elephants carefully select moss cushions to tread on. Although a normal distribution is often formally required, tests such as the Analysis of Variance are fairly robust against departures. Obsession with normality leads to the use of inappropriate transformations, for example a log transformation when the author had no intention of a multiplicative model. Even worse is the use of a log (x + 1) transformation, which gives answers in neither additive nor multiplicative terms, and in a way unrelated to the means presented. There are several solutions to this, including randomization tests. After all this, we should not take the arbitrary value of 0.05 too seriously. Many statisticians do not.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-11-17T22:49:52Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-11-17},
  journal = {Folia Geobotanica},
  author = {{Wilson}, J. Bastow},
  month = jun,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Life Sciences; general,Normality,Plant Ecology,Plant Sciences,Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography,Pseudoreplication,Randomization,Restricted randomization,Spatial autocorrelation,Stratified randomization,Transformation},
  pages = {161--167},
  file = {Wilson - 2007 - Priorities in statistics, the sensitive feet of el.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Wilson - 2007 - Priorities in statistics, the sensitive feet of el.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Babcock2002,
  title = {Bayesian generalized linear models for standardizing catch rate indices of abundance},
  volume = {54},
  timestamp = {2015-12-05T20:16:27Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2015-12-05},
  journal = {Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT},
  author = {{Babcock}, Elizabeth A. and {McAllister}, M. K.},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {1641--1670},
  file = {Babcock and McAllister - 2002 - Bayesian generalized linear models for standardizi.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Babcock and McAllister - 2002 - Bayesian generalized linear models for standardizi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Sulu2015,
  title = {Livelihoods and {{Fisheries Governance}} in a {{Contemporary Pacific Island Setting}}:~e0143516},
  volume = {10},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Sulu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Citation: Sulu RJ, Eriksson H, Schwarz A-M, Andrew NL, Orirana G, Sukulu M, et al. (2015) Livelihoods and Fisheries Governance in a Contemporary Pacific Island Setting. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0143516. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143516},
  shorttitle = {Livelihoods and {{Fisheries Governance}} in a {{Contemporary Pacific Island Setting}}},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143516},
  abstract = {Inshore marine resources play an important role in the livelihoods of Pacific Island coastal communities. However, such reliance can be detrimental to inshore marine ecosystems. Understanding the livelihoods of coastal communities is important for devising relevant and effective fisheries management strategies. Semi-structured household interviews were conducted with householders in Langalanga Lagoon, Solomon Islands, to understand household livelihoods and resource governance in fishing-dependent communities. Households were engaged in a diverse range of livelihoods. Fishing, shell money production and gardening were the most important livelihoods. Proximity to an urban centre influenced how households accessed some livelihoods. Perceptions of management rules varied and different reasons were cited for why rules were broken, the most common reason being to meet livelihood needs. Current models of inshore small-scale fisheries management that are based on the notion of community-based resource management may not work in locations where customary management systems are weak and livelihoods are heavily reliant on marine resources. An important step for fisheries management in such locations should include elucidating community priorities through participatory development planning, taking into consideration livelihoods as well as governance and development aspirations.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-12-07T23:12:57Z},
  number = {11},
  urldate = {2015-12-07},
  journal = {PLoS One},
  author = {{Sulu}, Reuben J. and {Eriksson}, Hampus and {Schwarz}, Anne-Maree and {Andrew}, Neil L. and {Orirana}, Grace and {Sukulu}, Meshach and {Oeta}, Janet and {Harohau}, Daykin and {Sibiti}, Stephen and {Toritela}, Andrew and {Beare}, Douglas},
  month = nov,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Agricultural production,Agriculture,Alternatives,Commercial fishing,Fisheries management,Fishing,Food,Islands,Medical Sciences,Population,Sanitation,Sciences: Comprehensive Works},
  file = {Sulu et al. - 2015 - Livelihoods and Fisheries Governance in a Contempo.pdf:/Users/danovando/Desktop/Bren/SFG Work/General Library/Reference Library/Sulu et al. - 2015 - Livelihoods and Fisheries Governance in a Contempo.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{Kearney2015,
  type = {Working Paper},
  title = {Early {{Childhood Education}} by {{MOOC}}: {{Lessons}} from {{Sesame Street}}},
  shorttitle = {Early {{Childhood Education}} by {{MOOC}}},
  abstract = {Sesame Street is one of the largest early childhood interventions ever to take place. It was introduced in 1969 as an educational, early childhood program with the explicit goal of preparing preschool age children for school entry. Millions of children watched a typical episode in its early years. Well-designed studies at its inception provided evidence that watching the show generated an immediate and sizeable increase in test scores. In this paper we investigate whether the first cohorts of preschool children exposed to Sesame Street experienced improved outcomes subsequently. We implement an instrumental variables strategy exploiting limitations in television technology generated by distance to a broadcast tower and UHF versus VHF transmission to distinguish counties by Sesame Street reception quality. We relate this geographic variation to outcomes in Census data including grade-for-age status in 1980, educational attainment in 1990, and labor market outcomes in 2000. The results indicate that Sesame Street accomplished its goal of improving school readiness; preschool-aged children in areas with better reception when it was introduced were more likely to advance through school as appropriate for their age. This effect is particularly pronounced for boys and non-Hispanic, black children, as well as children living in economically disadvantaged areas. The evidence regarding the impact on ultimate educational attainment and labor market outcomes is inconclusive.},
  timestamp = {2015-12-10T02:50:43Z},
  number = {21229},
  urldate = {2015-12-10},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  author = {{Kearney}, Melissa S. and {Levine}, Phillip B.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015}
}