diff --git a/pkg/spflib/parse.go b/pkg/spflib/parse.go
index 12415fd762..2f324b5d23 100644
--- a/pkg/spflib/parse.go
+++ b/pkg/spflib/parse.go
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ var qualifiers = map[byte]bool{
 
 // Parse parses a raw SPF record.
 func Parse(text string, dnsres Resolver) (*SPFRecord, error) {
+	return parse(text, dnsres, nil)
+}
+
+func parse(text string, dnsres Resolver, chain []string) (*SPFRecord, error) {
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(text, "v=spf1 ") {
 		return nil, errors.New("not an SPF record")
 	}
@@ -84,11 +88,14 @@ func Parse(text string, dnsres Resolver) (*SPFRecord, error) {
 			}
 			p.IsLookup = true
 			if dnsres != nil {
+				if inChain(chain, p.IncludeDomain) {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("SPF include loop: %s", strings.Join(append(chain, p.IncludeDomain), " -> "))
+				}
 				subRecord, err := dnsres.GetSPF(p.IncludeDomain)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
-				p.IncludeRecord, err = Parse(subRecord, dnsres)
+				p.IncludeRecord, err = parse(subRecord, dnsres, append(chain, p.IncludeDomain))
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, fmt.Errorf("in included SPF: %w", err)
 				}
@@ -101,3 +108,12 @@ func Parse(text string, dnsres Resolver) (*SPFRecord, error) {
 	}
 	return rec, nil
 }
+
+func inChain(chain []string, domain string) bool {
+	for _, d := range chain {
+		if strings.EqualFold(d, domain) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/pkg/spflib/parse_test.go b/pkg/spflib/parse_test.go
index fe5e76d569..a47f6f627d 100644
--- a/pkg/spflib/parse_test.go
+++ b/pkg/spflib/parse_test.go
@@ -151,6 +151,87 @@ func TestParseQualifiedMechanisms(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestParseIncludeLoop(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		description string
+		dnsres      fakeResolver
+		input       string
+		wantErr     string
+	}{
+		{
+			description: "a domain that includes itself",
+			dnsres: fakeResolver{
+				"a.example.com": "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			},
+			input:   "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			wantErr: "in included SPF: SPF include loop: a.example.com -> a.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			description: "two domains that include each other",
+			dnsres: fakeResolver{
+				"a.example.com": "v=spf1 include:b.example.com ~all",
+				"b.example.com": "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			},
+			input:   "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			wantErr: "in included SPF: in included SPF: SPF include loop: a.example.com -> b.example.com -> a.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			description: "a domain that redirects to itself",
+			dnsres: fakeResolver{
+				"a.example.com": "v=spf1 redirect=a.example.com",
+			},
+			input:   "v=spf1 redirect=a.example.com",
+			wantErr: "in included SPF: SPF include loop: a.example.com -> a.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			description: "a qualified include that loops",
+			dnsres: fakeResolver{
+				"a.example.com": "v=spf1 +include:a.example.com ~all",
+			},
+			input:   "v=spf1 ?include:a.example.com ~all",
+			wantErr: "in included SPF: SPF include loop: a.example.com -> a.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			description: "a loop that changes the case of the domain",
+			dnsres: fakeResolver{
+				"a.example.com": "v=spf1 include:A.EXAMPLE.COM ~all",
+				"A.EXAMPLE.COM": "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			},
+			input:   "v=spf1 include:a.example.com ~all",
+			wantErr: "in included SPF: SPF include loop: a.example.com -> A.EXAMPLE.COM",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.description, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := Parse(tt.input, tt.dnsres)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Parse(%q) error = nil, want %q", tt.input, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			if err.Error() != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Parse(%q) error = %q, want %q", tt.input, err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseSharedIncludeIsNotALoop(t *testing.T) {
+	dnsres := fakeResolver{
+		"a.example.com":      "v=spf1 include:shared.example.com ~all",
+		"b.example.com":      "v=spf1 include:shared.example.com ~all",
+		"shared.example.com": "v=spf1 ip4:192.0.2.0/24 ~all",
+	}
+	rec, err := Parse("v=spf1 include:a.example.com include:b.example.com ~all", dnsres)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got, want := len(rec.Parts), 3; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("len(Parts) = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := rec.Lookups(), 4; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("Lookups() = %d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseRedirectLast(t *testing.T) {
 	dnsres, err := NewCache("testdata-dns1.json")
 	if err != nil {