diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-api-key.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-api-key.ts
index 4d70f979f..184624ca5 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-api-key.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-api-key.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ export class EVMApiKeySigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
+    async sign() {
+        return await Promise.reject(
+            new Error(
+                "API key signers do not support direct transaction signing - transaction are handled automatically by the backend"
+            )
+        );
+    }
     async signMessage() {
         return await Promise.reject(
             new Error(
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-external-wallet.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-external-wallet.ts
index e44a85a76..dea11f02e 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-external-wallet.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/evm-external-wallet.ts
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ export class EVMExternalWalletSigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
-    async signMessage(message: string) {
+    async sign(payload: string): Promise<{ signature: string }> {
         if (this.provider != null) {
             const signature = await this.provider.request({
                 method: "personal_sign",
-                params: [message, this._address] as any,
+                params: [payload, this._address] as any,
             });
             if (signature == null) {
                 throw new Error(
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export class EVMExternalWalletSigner implements Signer {
         if (this.viemAccount?.signMessage != null) {
             const signature = await this.viemAccount.signMessage({
                 message: {
-                    raw: message as `0x${string}`,
+                    raw: payload as `0x${string}`,
                 },
             });
             if (signature == null) {
@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ export class EVMExternalWalletSigner implements Signer {
         throw new Error("No signer provider or viem account provided");
     }
 
+    async signMessage(message: string) {
+        return await this.sign(message);
+    }
+
     async signTransaction(transaction: string) {
-        return await this.signMessage(transaction);
+        return await this.sign(transaction);
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-evm-signer.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-evm-signer.ts
index ecb5ab480..7dcd48131 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-evm-signer.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-evm-signer.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ export class EVMNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
         super(config);
     }
 
-    async signMessage(message: string) {
+    async signMessage(message: string, raw?: boolean) {
+        if (raw && message) {
+            if (!isHex(message)) {
+                throw new Error("Invalid hex string in signMessage raw argument");
+            }
+            return await this.sign(message);
+        }
         const messageRaw = isHex(message) ? (message as Hex) : toHex(message);
         const messageToSign = PersonalMessage.getSignPayload(messageRaw);
         return await this.sign(messageToSign);
@@ -18,11 +24,11 @@ export class EVMNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
         return await this.sign(transaction);
     }
 
-    private async sign(raw: string): Promise<{ signature: string }> {
+    async sign(payload: string): Promise<{ signature: string }> {
         await this.handleAuthRequired();
         const jwt = this.getJwtOrThrow();
 
-        const hexString = raw.replace("0x", "");
+        const hexString = payload.replace("0x", "");
 
         const res = await this.config.clientTEEConnection?.sendAction({
             event: "request:sign",
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-signer.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-signer.ts
index d1b27e42b..c60257778 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-signer.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-signer.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export abstract class NonCustodialSigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.address;
     }
 
+    abstract sign(payload: string): Promise<BaseSignResult>;
     abstract signMessage(message: string): Promise<BaseSignResult>;
 
     private async initialize() {
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-solana-signer.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-solana-signer.ts
index ddf96fa4d..ee99da8b3 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-solana-signer.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-solana-signer.ts
@@ -9,16 +9,20 @@ export class SolanaNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
     }
 
     async signMessage() {
-        return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for email signer"));
+        return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for Solana email signer"));
     }
 
     async signTransaction(transaction: string): Promise<{ signature: string }> {
-        await this.handleAuthRequired();
-        const jwt = this.getJwtOrThrow();
-
         const transactionBytes = base58.decode(transaction);
         const deserializedTransaction = VersionedTransaction.deserialize(transactionBytes);
-        const messageData = deserializedTransaction.message.serialize();
+        const messageData = base58.encode(deserializedTransaction.message.serialize());
+
+        return await this.sign(messageData);
+    }
+
+    async sign(payload: string): Promise<{ signature: string }> {
+        await this.handleAuthRequired();
+        const jwt = this.getJwtOrThrow();
 
         const res = await this.config.clientTEEConnection?.sendAction({
             event: "request:sign",
@@ -30,7 +34,7 @@ export class SolanaNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
                 },
                 data: {
                     keyType: "ed25519",
-                    bytes: base58.encode(messageData),
+                    bytes: payload,
                     encoding: "base58",
                 },
             },
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ export class SolanaNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
         }
 
         if (res?.signature == null) {
-            throw new Error("Failed to sign transaction");
+            throw new Error("Failed to sign payload");
         }
         SolanaNonCustodialSigner.verifyPublicKeyFormat(res.publicKey);
         return { signature: res.signature.bytes };
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-stellar-signer.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-stellar-signer.ts
index dc0660b98..3d23d91f5 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-stellar-signer.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/non-custodial/ncs-stellar-signer.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ export class StellarNonCustodialSigner extends NonCustodialSigner {
         super(config);
     }
 
+    async sign() {
+        return Promise.reject(new Error("sign method not implemented for stellar signer"));
+    }
+
     async signMessage() {
         return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for stellar signer"));
     }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/passkey.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/passkey.ts
index 1c47df6b8..fce8d4b12 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/passkey.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/passkey.ts
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ export class PasskeySigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
-    async signMessage(message: string): Promise<PasskeySignResult> {
+    async sign(payload: string): Promise<PasskeySignResult> {
         if (this.config.onSignWithPasskey) {
-            return await this.config.onSignWithPasskey(message);
+            return await this.config.onSignWithPasskey(payload);
         }
         const { signature, metadata } = await WebAuthnP256.sign({
             credentialId: this.id,
-            challenge: message as `0x${string}`,
+            challenge: payload as `0x${string}`,
         });
 
         return {
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ export class PasskeySigner implements Signer {
         };
     }
 
+    async signMessage(message: string): Promise<PasskeySignResult> {
+        return await this.sign(message);
+    }
+
     async signTransaction(transaction: string) {
-        return await this.signMessage(transaction);
+        return await this.sign(transaction);
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-api-key.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-api-key.ts
index fa30b3cdc..e6ca63846 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-api-key.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-api-key.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ export class SolanaApiKeySigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
+    async sign(payload: string) {
+        return await Promise.reject(new Error("sign method not implemented for solana api key signer"));
+    }
+
     async signMessage() {
         return await Promise.reject(
             new Error(
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-external-wallet.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-external-wallet.ts
index 5a65af5f1..a8bba996f 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-external-wallet.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/solana-external-wallet.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ export class SolanaExternalWalletSigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
+    async sign(payload: string) {
+        return await Promise.reject(new Error("sign method not implemented for solana external wallet signer"));
+    }
+
     async signMessage() {
         return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for solana external wallet signer"));
     }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/stellar-external-wallet.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/stellar-external-wallet.ts
index 4484cea71..bcdc83e86 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/stellar-external-wallet.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/stellar-external-wallet.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ export class StellarExternalWalletSigner implements Signer {
         return this.config.locator;
     }
 
+    async sign(payload: string) {
+        return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for stellar external wallet signer"));
+    }
+
     async signMessage() {
         return await Promise.reject(new Error("signMessage method not implemented for stellar external wallet signer"));
     }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/signers/types.ts b/packages/wallets/src/signers/types.ts
index 0d7720018..eb464b027 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/signers/types.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/signers/types.ts
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ export interface Signer<T extends keyof SignResultMap = keyof SignResultMap> {
     type: T;
     locator(): string;
     address?(): string;
+    sign(payload: string): Promise<SignResultMap[T]>;
     signMessage(message: string): Promise<SignResultMap[T]>;
     signTransaction(transaction: string): Promise<SignResultMap[T]>;
 }
diff --git a/packages/wallets/src/wallets/wallet.ts b/packages/wallets/src/wallets/wallet.ts
index ff47a3fb6..033f265eb 100644
--- a/packages/wallets/src/wallets/wallet.ts
+++ b/packages/wallets/src/wallets/wallet.ts
@@ -388,10 +388,14 @@ export class Wallet<C extends Chain> {
         }
     }
 
-    protected get isSolanaWallet(): boolean {
+    protected isSolanaWallet(): boolean {
         return this.chain === "solana";
     }
 
+    protected isStellarWallet(): boolean {
+        return this.chain === "stellar";
+    }
+
     protected async approveTransactionAndWait(transactionId: string, options?: ApproveOptions) {
         await this.approveTransactionInternal(transactionId, options);
         await this.sleep(1_000); // Rule of thumb: tx won't be confirmed in less than 1 second
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ export class Wallet<C extends Chain> {
     }
 
     protected async approveSignatureInternal(signatureId: string, options?: ApproveOptions) {
-        if (this.isSolanaWallet) {
+        if (this.isSolanaWallet() || this.isStellarWallet()) {
             throw new Error("Approving signatures is only supported for EVM smart wallets");
         }
 
@@ -442,7 +446,7 @@ export class Wallet<C extends Chain> {
                     throw new InvalidSignerError(`Signer ${pendingApproval.signer} not found in pending approvals`);
                 }
 
-                return signer.signMessage(pendingApproval.message);
+                return signer.sign(pendingApproval.message);
             })
         );