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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Global Nuclear Energy Capacity - Visualization Protocol</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
<style>
body {
padding-top: 20px; /* Adds space at the top of the body */
}
header {
display: flex; /* Use flexbox for layout */
justify-content: space-between; /* Space between items */
align-items: center; /* Center items vertically */
margin-bottom: 1px; /* Adds space below the header */
padding: 0 40px; /* Adds horizontal padding */
}
h1 {
margin: 0; /* Remove default margin from h1 */
}
.back-button {
display: inline-block;
padding: 10px 20px;
background-color: #64ffda; /* Light teal background */
color: #000; /* Black text */
text-decoration: none; /* Remove underline */
border-radius: 5px; /* Rounded corners */
font-weight: bold; /* Bold text */
transition: background-color 0.3s, transform 0.3s; /* Smooth transition */
box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* Shadow effect */
}
.back-button:hover {
background-color: #50e0c0; /* Darker teal on hover */
transform: translateY(-2px); /* Slight lift effect */
}
section {
margin: 20px 0; /* Adds vertical space between sections */
padding: 15px; /* Adds padding inside each section */
}
.data-sources-list {
list-style-type: disc; /* Use disc bullets */
padding-left: 20px; /* Add padding to the left for indentation */
margin: 10px 0; /* Add vertical margin for spacing */
}
.data-sources-list li {
margin-bottom: 5px; /* Add space between list items */
font-size: 16px; /* Adjust font size for better readability */
}
.dataset-link {
color: #64ffda;
text-decoration: none;
position: relative;
padding-right: 20px;
font-weight: 500;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.dataset-link:after {
content: '↗';
position: absolute;
right: 0;
top: 50%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
font-size: 14px;
transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}
.dataset-link:hover {
color: #50e0c0;
}
.dataset-link:hover:after {
transform: translate(2px, -50%);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Incidents Analysis</h1>
<nav>
<a href="index.html" class="back-button">Back to Main Page</a>
</nav>
</header>
<main>
<section>
<h2>Timestamp</h2>
<p>
1945 - 2015
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Sources</h2>
<p>The datasets used in this project include:</p>
<h3>1. Isotope Concentration Data:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Derived from Kaggle and the JRC Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>2. Decay Period Data:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Generated directly using Python in a Jupyter Notebook.</li>
<li>
Half-life estimates for isotopes were extracted from:
<ol>
<li><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></li>
<li><strong>United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC)</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>3. Nuclear Incidents Data:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Composed of 216 nuclear power plant incidents from 1945 to 2015.</li>
<li>
Sources include:
<ol>
<li>
<em>“Reassessing the safety of nuclear power”</em> by Wheatley, Sovacool, and Sornette
(published in <em>Energy Research and Social Science</em>).
</li>
<li>
<em>“Of Disasters and Dragon Kings: A Statistical Analysis of Nuclear Power Incidents and Accidents”</em>
by the same authors (published in <em>Risk Analysis</em>).
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Dataset Link</h2>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/Vatshayan/Nuclear-Power-Plant-Accident-" class="dataset-link">Accidents Data Website</a>
<a href="https://github.com/Axeeh/Nuclear_Energy/blob/main/datasets/C_id_35_NuclearPowerAccidents2016.csv" class="dataset-link back-button1" download>Download Dataset</a><br>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/lsind18/chernobyl-data-air-concentration" class="dataset-link">Chernobyl Air Website</a>
<a href="https://github.com/Axeeh/Nuclear_Energy/blob/main/datasets/chernobyl.csv" class="dataset-link back-button1" download>Download Dataset</a><br>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Metadata Link</h2>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/Axeeh/Nuclear_Energy/blob/main/metadata/chernobyl_metadata.txt" class="dataset-link">Isotopes Concentrations (Meta) </a><br>
<a href="https://github.com/Axeeh/Nuclear_Energy/blob/main/metadata/Nuclear_Incidents_Metadata.txt" class="dataset-link">Nuclear Power Plant Accidents (Meta) </a><br>
<a href="https://github.com/Axeeh/Nuclear_Energy/blob/main/metadata/Decay_Isotopes_Metadata.txt" class="dataset-link">Decay Isotopes (Meta)</a><br>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Pre-Processing Steps (1)</h2>
<ol>
<li>Renamed columns for clarity (e.g., <code>country_code</code> → <code>country</code>).</li>
<li>Dropped irrelevant columns like <code>end_time</code> and <code>duration</code>.</li>
<li>Replaced country abbreviations (e.g., <code>AU</code>, <code>BE</code>) with full names.</li>
<li>Cleaned invalid characters (<code><</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>N</code>) from isotope concentration columns.</li>
<li>Converted isotope concentration columns to numeric values.</li>
<li>Fixed swapped latitude and longitude values.</li>
<li>Grouped data by <code>locality</code>, <code>date</code>, and <code>country</code> to calculate mean values for isotopes.</li>
<li>Applied linear interpolation to fill missing values.</li>
<li>Summed isotope concentrations at the country level for a consolidated overview.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Visualization (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tool Used</strong>: Flourish</li>
<li><strong>Chart Type</strong>: Alluvial Chart</li>
<li><strong>Description</strong>:
<p>
Displays the distribution of isotope concentrations across various countries in Europe. Each flow represents
the contribution of <code>iodine131</code>, <code>caesium134</code>, and <code>caesium137</code> to the total concentration for a country.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Pre-Processing Steps (2)</h2>
<p>
The preprocessing process involved calculating the decay curves of three radioactive isotopes:
<code>Iodine-131</code>, <code>Caesium-134</code>, and <code>Caesium-137</code>. The decay was modeled
over a time span of 50,000 days based on their respective half-lives. The fraction remaining over time
was calculated using the radioactive decay formula. The dataset was reshaped to have isotopes as rows
and time points as columns.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Visualization (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tool Used</strong>: Flourish</li>
<li><strong>Chart Type</strong>: Line Chart Race</li>
<li><strong>Description</strong>:
<p>
The visualization dynamically showcases the decay of the three isotopes over time.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Pre-Processing Steps (3)</h2>
<ol>
<li>Dropped unnecessary columns like <code>end_time</code> and <code>duration</code>.</li>
<li>Removed missing values.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Visualization (3)</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tool Used</strong>: Flourish</li>
<li><strong>Chart Type</strong>: Line Chart</li>
<li><strong>Description</strong>:
<p>
The plot showcases a clear timeline of nuclear incidents from 1945 to 2015.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Insights</h2>
<ul>
<li>Highlighted the geographic spread and relative contribution of isotopes to contamination levels.</li>
<li>Caesium isotopes, especially Caesium-137, remain a concern today, making parts of the region uninhabitable decades later.</li>
<li>The post-Chernobyl period is marked by heightened global awareness and more stringent safety regulations.</li>
<li>The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster could have been far worse if not for the safety measures developed post-Chernobyl.</li>
<li>This knowledge helps shape policies for nuclear safety, disaster response, and long-term recovery efforts.</li>
</ul>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>
The heightened global focus on nuclear safety post-Chernobyl led to advances in reactor design, improved
operational protocols, and more robust international oversight. As a result, modern nuclear facilities
are equipped with enhanced safeguards, reducing the likelihood of severe accidents.
</p>
</section>
</main>
<footer>
<p>© Carnevale Cattoni Schillaci</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>