diff --git a/English/module.md b/English/module.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..277cd4e --- /dev/null +++ b/English/module.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +In Python, importing modules and creating packages helps in organizing and reusing code effectively. Let’s break down each concept with examples. + +### 1. **Importing Modules** + +A **module** in Python is simply a file containing Python definitions and statements. It can include functions, variables, and classes. You can import these modules into other scripts to use their functions without rewriting code. + +#### Example of Creating and Importing a Module + +1. **Create a Module** + Suppose we create a file called `math_functions.py` with the following content: + + ```python + # math_functions.py + + def add(a, b): + return a + b + + def subtract(a, b): + return a - b + ``` + +2. **Import and Use the Module in Another File** + Now, we can create a new file, say `main.py`, and import `math_functions` to use its functions. + + ```python + # main.py + import math_functions + + result_add = math_functions.add(5, 3) + result_subtract = math_functions.subtract(5, 3) + print("Addition:", result_add) + print("Subtraction:", result_subtract) + ``` + + **Output:** + ``` + Addition: 8 + Subtraction: 2 + ``` + +#### Importing Specific Functions +If you only need certain functions, you can import them directly. + +```python +# main.py +from math_functions import add + +result = add(5, 3) +print("Addition:", result) +``` + +### 2. **Creating and Using Packages** + +A **package** is a way of organizing multiple modules. It’s essentially a directory with an `__init__.py` file and other modules. This allows you to organize related modules into a single namespace. + +#### Example of Creating a Package + +1. **Create a Package Directory Structure** + Suppose we want a package called `calculator` with modules for basic and advanced operations. Create the following directory structure: + + ``` + calculator/ + ├── __init__.py + ├── basic.py + └── advanced.py + ``` + +2. **Define Modules in the Package** + + - `basic.py`: + + ```python + # basic.py + + def add(a, b): + return a + b + + def subtract(a, b): + return a - b + ``` + + - `advanced.py`: + + ```python + # advanced.py + + def multiply(a, b): + return a * b + + def divide(a, b): + if b == 0: + return "Cannot divide by zero" + return a / b + ``` + +3. **Importing and Using the Package** + You can now use `calculator` as a package by importing it in a script. + + ```python + # main.py + from calculator import basic, advanced + + print("Addition:", basic.add(5, 3)) + print("Subtraction:", basic.subtract(5, 3)) + print("Multiplication:", advanced.multiply(5, 3)) + print("Division:", advanced.divide(5, 3)) + ``` + + **Output:** + ``` + Addition: 8 + Subtraction: 2 + Multiplication: 15 + Division: 1.6666666666666667 + ``` + +#### Using `__init__.py` to Control Imports +The `__init__.py` file can be used to define what is available when you import the package. For instance, if you want to make `basic` and `advanced` accessible directly, you could add the following to `__init__.py`: + +```python +# __init__.py +from .basic import add, subtract +from .advanced import multiply, divide +``` + +Now you can import directly from `calculator`: + +```python +# main.py +from calculator import add, multiply + +print("Addition:", add(5, 3)) +print("Multiplication:", multiply(5, 3)) +``` + +### Summary +- **Modules** organize code into files you can import. +- **Packages** group related modules, helping manage larger projects.